Religious Persecution

Religious Persecution Religious persecution is a complex situation in the world. Many countries have this situation. In the country of Whitia, a large group of Whitians is being persecuted for its religious beliefs by a larger religious group. They are not allowed to worship or display their religious beliefs in any way. They’re being stoned and imprisoned, and their religious leader has been burned at the stake. It is not easy to solve this problem by its own government.The United States should get involved in this situation. The United States could get involved in this situation by several ways, such as giving food and medicine to the Whitians who are being persecuted, and talking to Whitian government. People in Whitia who are being persecuted need food and medicine. But they can’t get those things from their own government because the larger religious group controls the government.The larger religious group regards them as enemies because of their different religiou s beliefs, so they won’t give anything to them. A lot of Whitians die by hunger and disease. This situation aggravates the  conflict between the two different religious groups. With the United States’ help, food and medicine will save a lot of people’s life. Intervention Action is good for reducing the conflict between the two groups. The United States can also talk to the Whitian government about the importance of people’s life and freedom.It could make the government realize that everyone should be able to choose their beliefs, and they should  stop  the violence  between the two different religious groups. The Unites States has already helped a lot of countries, such as Jordan, Sudan and Egypt. The help is helpful to solve the religious persecution and have saved a lot of people’s life in those countries. Assistance will be effective in Whitia, too. One of my friends, Gavin, has different opinion. He thinks that the UnitedStates should n ot get involved in this situation because of its huge financial cost. What I want to say is that it will actually cost a lot of money to buy the food and medicine, but it is truly worth because the money is to save people’s life. Money is made by people. The value of money  cannot be  compared  with the  life. So the United States should get involved in this situation no matter how much money it will cost. Religious persecution in Whitia is a problem which is not easy to solve, and the United States should get involved to help Whitians solve it.

Violent Media Is Good for Kids

Violent Media is Good for Kids Analysis From infancy onward, parents and teachers have drilled into the young generation that violence should be avoided at all costs. They have preached cooperation, tolerance, and â€Å"using one’s words† as tactics to combat difficult situations. Although those lessons are valid, Gerald Jones claims there is an alternative way. In his essay, â€Å"Violent Media is Good for Kids,† Jones argues that â€Å"creative violence- bonking cartoons, bloody videogames, toy guns-gives children a tool to master their rage† (Jones).In other words, media violence, used correctly, can serve as an alternative method for powering through adolescence. By reading and writing violent stories, children are able to express themselves safely and even escape from the sometimes harsh reality. Jones effectively supports this stance using the three rhetorical appeals- ethos, pathos, and logos. To affirm his credibility on the matter, Jones employs t wo tactics. First, he goes into detail about his expertise and past history with media violence to confirm his credibility as the speaker. Then, he uses the powerful tool of rebuttal to show the credibility of his argument.Throughout the essay, Jones discusses his past with violent media. He begins with discussing his professional career as a comic book writer. Later, Jones mentions his three-year long project with Dr. Melanie Moore, a psychologist who works with urban teens. This project produced Jones’s most useful tool in using violent media for good. According to Jones, his program, Power Play, â€Å"helps young people improve their self-knowledge and sense of potency through heroic, combative storytelling† (Jones). Discussing his past with the realm of violent media makes the audience feel like Jones is a competent and trustworthy source on the matter.To further contribute to ethos, Jones uses a rebuttal. In his essay, he mentions that many psychologists argue tha t violent stories breed more violence- such as the recent increase in columbine shootings. They say people use media violence as a driving force for real life violence. Jones acknowledges these points. However, he refutes them by saying that â€Å"it’s helped hundreds of people for everyone its hurt, and it can help far more if we learn how to use it† (Jones). In other words, when we channel violent media into heroic battles of good versus evil, it can empower a child in need.This rebuttal contributes to the objectivity of the essay. It shows that the author did his research so well that he can recognize opposing viewpoints and refute them. The author also effectively supports his thesis through pathos. To evoke strong emotion in his readers, Jones appeals to the audience’s feeling of vulnerability in their youth. Recognizing that during adolescence most people feel powerless, he tells engaging stories of his own and his son’s rise to power through comic books to give the audience something to connect to.As these stories are told, readers reminisce about those days, and feel joy in knowing that there was a happy ending. The feelings created make the audience look positively at the essay and relate to it. Lastly, Jones uses logos to solidify his argument with concrete evidence. This is done by giving two real-life examples of girls that were helped through childhood by writing violent media. In both cases, Jones personally assisted these girls during a difficult time, and got them started on their path to future successes. The first example involves a little girl, Emily, whose parents were separated.Her main problem was her violent fantasies. Because she didn’t have a proper outlet, she acted out aggressively. Jones stepped in and channeled her fantasies into stories. At the end of the day, she was still fiery and strong, but she was able to control herself in public. In fact, she even became a student leader in her school. In this case, violent media gave a child an outlet for her aggression. The second example involved an older girl in a very chaotic family situation. She was surrounded by fighting, alcohol, and peer pressure. Jones stepped in with the power of writing.His use of the Power Play program helped the girl escape from her reality. In the girl’s stories, she was powerful and invulnerable. She was able to ignore the world going on around her for a period of time. This proved to be very beneficial. She stayed out of trouble, and grew up to be a writer and political activist. In this case, Jones showed how media violence helped someone power through adolescence and contribute to a very successful future. Jones uses the two examples above to drive home his argument. By employing real life examples, he is able to not only provide concrete evidence, but also put a face to the fact.Instead of spewing a list of facts, he gives two examples the audience could relate to and better visualize. Th is makes for a stronger use of logos. It seems that Gerald Jones had his work cut out for him in writing this essay. He had to take the hardwired belief that violence is bad and convince the world that â€Å"Through immersion in imaginary combat and identification with a violent protagonist, children engage the rage they’ve stifled, come to fear it less, and become more capable of utilizing it against life’s challenges† (Jones).By using ethos to give credibility to himself and his argument, pathos to evoke strong emotion and connect the reader to the essay, and logos to make the argument solid, Jones is able to effectively argue his thesis. Work Cited Jones, Gerard. â€Å"Violent Media is Good for Kids. † Current Issues and Enduring Questions. 9th Edition. Sylvan Barnet and Hugo Bedau, Eds. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s Press, 2011. 195-199. Print.

On December 31 1896, a large seagoing tug called the Commodore set sail for the open sea

On December 31 1896, a large seagoing tug called the Commodore set sail for the open sea. Author Stephen Crane was on-board as a war correspondent at the time. During the trip the vessel ran aground a couple of times, this damaged the hull of the ship. The Commodore was eighteen miles from land when the damaged hull gave way and was swamped with water. Stephen Crane and three other men managed to escape in a lifeboat. The short story â€Å"The Open Boat† is a fictional story based on his real-life account of what happened during that fateful time. Through the use of symbolic language, metaphors and irony, Stephen Crane allows us to experience what had happened during that crisis and how the people involved came together to fight for survival out in the open sea. Writers, often use these three elements of literature, in order to make their audience react to the story they are telling. They set the tone, give of the plot and setting, and give images of what is happening to the character or characters in the story. First let us look at how Stephen Crane uses symbolic language in the story of â€Å"The Open Boat†. Symbolic language is used in the â€Å"The Open Boat† to set the tone or the mood, as well as, the setting of the story and gives us insight to the hopeless feeling the men were experiencing while trying to survive after being shipwrecked. For example, â€Å"As each slaty wall of water approached, it shut all else from the view of the men in the boat, and it was not difficult to imagine that this particular wave was the final outburst of the ocean, the last effort of the grim water. † He describes the color of the sea as a â€Å"slaty wall of water†. Slaty is the color of slate, which is a dark and murky grayish blue color, is used to describe the sea. Dark colors are used often by writers to give the audience a feeling of danger, the unknown and forbidding. Used in this content, we see the men being surrounded and isolated by the dark water, which has obstructed their view of their surroundings and is now their enemy during the entire trip towards land. Another example in the same sentence is â€Å"the last effort of the grim water†, which illustrates or symbolizes the life and death struggle that went on between the men and the elements of the dark, relentless and uncaring ocean. One can image the ocean as the grim reaper doing battle with the four men, who are by now isolated from all civilization and are fighting helplessly against the elements of the vast ocean, which seems to want to swallow them up. This is a frightening image or symbol of death that is ever present during their struggle to reach land. The second element of literature that Stephen Crane used was metaphors. A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is spoken of as if it were another. In other words a metaphor compares two things that are dissimilar but suggests a likeness between them. For example, Stephen Crane wrote, † A seat in his boat was not unlike a seat upon a bucking bronco†. One can image how the men, in their tiny dinghy, were being tossed about violently upon the waves of the ocean just like a cowboy on a bucking bronco at a rodeo. Another example, which is one of my favorite metaphors in this story, is the phrase â€Å"to nibble the sacred cheese of life†. Life being precious and not to be taken lightly was a gift. This lesson was learned early on in the story by the four men during their trip towards safety. They came this far and fate was dangling their life in front of them. At this moment would their lives be taken away from them or they will survive this ordeal as each wave threatens to topple their tiny craft over. This again strongly emphasizes that life and nature is seldom fair and is often cruel and uncaring. The third element of literature used by Stephen Crane is irony. Irony is a situation or statement characterized by a significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant. The four men found themselves shipwrecked and slowly made it towards land. Once near land, the people on shore spotted them. The people on land thought that the four occupants were out at sea purposely and did not realize the peril they were in. They waved to the four men, who were hanging on for dear life and never bothered to question why they were there. One would think that if a lighthouse were nearby that someone would scan the ocean occasionally, especially if a report of a shipwreck was reported off their shore several miles away. Another ironic situation was the fate of the oiler and the cook. The oiler rowed the boat most of the time and he also was the strongest swimmer and yet he died. Whereas the cook, who did nothing except bail water and was very portly, survived the ordeal. This again shows how unfair life can be. In the story of â€Å"The Open Boat†, Stephen Crane uses symbolic language, metaphors, and irony to give us a colorful and suspenseful story of four shipwrecked men out at sea. By using these elements of literature, we feel their anxiety and hopelessness as they struggled to survive against the ocean and her inhabitants. The theme man verses nature is one of the main themes of this story and gives us a good look at how uncaring and often cruel nature really is.

Did Black Nationalism hurt or help African Americans pursuit of civil Essay

Did Black Nationalism hurt or help African Americans pursuit of civil rights - Essay Example As far as the rights of African Americans are concerned, this nation is considered the most discriminated nation especially in the South American regions of the United States. There were several political struggles came forward time to time to bring reforms for the protection of civil rights of this group. Black Nationalism was a supporting struggle that expressed the racial awareness among those Africans living in America. The motto of this movement was to ensure the protection of black power. This move greatly assisted the African Americans in pursuing civil rights. The leaders of the movement offered the ways to combat racism. In early 1960s, this struggle became more active and popular in America. This was the year when the move became more advanced and a well known leader Malcolm X, argued that African Americans should focus to improve their lives in order to integrate in American environment in a better way. Black people should also defend themselves against communal difference s. 2. Describe the anti-lynching movement? Who lead this cause, what were their goals and what was the outcome? Anti-Lynching Movement was a popular movement launched to activate and protect the civil rights of the communities living in America. This movement came forward as a reaction against lynching which, basically, involved extra-judicial killings based on racism. Lynching was a very common practice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In the years 1890 to 1920, these killings reached at its peak. Extra-judicial killings were practiced to ensure white supremacy especially in the southern parts of America. According to an estimate of Tuskegee Institute, between 1882- 1968, 1297 whites and 3446 blacks were badly tortured and killed due to these racist controversies in America. Goals: The goal of this movement was to end up the violence that was a common practice in US against African Americans. This movement rose from the southern parts of United States. The thrust of the move was to ensure protection for the communal groups and this awareness had to spread among common people through education and legal amendments. It was the aim that the legal actions for communal equality would be made keeping in mind the federal legislation as well. Women played a great role in this movement. Leading Agents of the Movement: This movement was, particularly, leading by different organizations including the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL), the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Association of Colored Women (NACW) and the Council for Interracial Cooperation (CIC). Wells- Barnett was a great leader and supporter of this campaign. He was a renowned journalist. The brutality of lynching movement revolted so white people also started joining this anti-lynching campaign. Outcomes: Finally, in 1940s, lynching was declined and this was the positive outcome of anti lynching campaign. It is considered the prime battle against segregation and racism that finally took shape in a positive manner. 3. Who was A. Philip Randolph and what was his contribution to African American History? A. Philip Randolph was an African American labor who also led civil rights in United States. He was the most prominent among all other trade unionists that fought for the cause of ethnic equality. Randolph was born in Florida and in 1911; he left Florida and moved to New York. Later on, in very young age he joined Socialist Party. Randolph was a realist approach human and believed that African Americans could never gain political power and could never get political freedom until they would be financially strong. He

Primary Concepts of Therapy and Training Groups Essay

Primary Concepts of Therapy and Training Groups - Essay Example Therapy Groups These are groups organized for the sake of allowing therapists (one or more) to work with several people simultaneously. It is a form of psychotherapy. These groups are found in numerous places, for example in community centers, mental hospitals, private practices (therapy practices). Often, therapy groups are used to treat patients as the only treatment plan. However, they may also be used alongside other treatment plans such as medication of patients and individual therapy sessions. The groups are typically comprised of seven to twelve people, it is however possible to have larger or smaller groups. There meetings are either weekly or biweekly. The minimum number of total meetings is six, though some groups meet for a year. There meetings are either open or closed. With open meetings, new participants can take part any time while in the closed groups there are core members, who are the only allowed partakers. Meetings take place in a setting where seats are arranged in a circle to facilitate every member’s ability to see the all members. ... Therapy groups are based on a number of principles. Yalom and Lesczc (9) outline some of these principles in their 2005 publication. Key among the principles of therapy groups is that they act as wells of hope for the patients. This is because these groups are comprised of different individuals who are receiving treatment at different stages. Those who are at more advanced stages act as sources of hope for those who are only just beginning their respective regimes. Secondly, the group members draw reassurance from the fact that their problem are universal by getting lumped together with other people that are dealing with the same issues (Yalom&Lesczc, 17). A third principle is that of obtaining and sharing information, whereby group members learn how to cope with the problems facing them by learning from the experiences of others. Another principle is the fact that these groups act as a family for the members of the group. These groups allow the members to explore the impact of certa in undertakings in childhood and other stages of life impacted their temperament and behavior. Apart from these, the groups are based on the principle of developing new techniques of socialization. The group provides a venue for the members to adopt and practice new behaviors while reducing the fear of judgment due to failure. Another principle that Yalom and Lesczc (25) outline is learning by imitation, whereby individuals model their actions depending on the actions of other members of the group, or those of the therapists. There is also interpersonal learning, whereby the group interaction provides an opportunity for an individual to receive positive or negative feedback on their actions from other members. Another principle is catharsis, where the members achieve a sense of pain

Leadership, Teambuilding, and Communication Essay - 6

Leadership, Teambuilding, and Communication - Essay Example Trait theories recognize the characteristics and behaviors of people across the globe. It states that leadership is an inborn quality and that leaders cannot be raised. This is a hypothetical picture of an ancient belief which explains that when a group of people were facing extreme problems, a hero appeared and led them towards success. Even in today’s world, some people believe that leadership is an inborn quality (Fairholm, m. R., & Fairholm, g. W., 2009). The leaders with the trait theory have characters such as: decisiveness, assertiveness, cooperative approach, ambitiousness, alertness, etc. In business, managers can use the information from the theory in order to assess their positions in the firm and to evaluate how they can strengthen their position. It helps them to have in depth knowledge about their own identity and the way they can affect others in their firm. This theory helps the manager to understand their weaknesses and strengths, thus, they come to know about how they can develop and enhance their leadership qualities (Lussier, N., & Achua, F., 2010). This theory suggests that not all the leaders who are successful have same characteristics. Theory states that the success of leadership depends on the correspondence between the style of a leader and the demands of a situation. This means that the effectiveness of leadership style is a function that is used in the given situation. (Judge, 2002)According to this model, a manager must know his style of leadership, diagnose the situation and then look for the coincidence between his style and the specific situation. This theory suggests that levels of directive and supportive behavior of a leader should be based on the level of staff available. Managerial behavior occurs when a leader uses one-way communication to specify the duties of his followers. The supportive behavior occurs when the leader uses bi-directional

Financing a Business Magazine Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financing a Business Magazine Article - Essay Example Even though, in common instances, credit has been rendered to the small businesses of developing countries such as India, Brazil, China, and South African states among others, the small businesses sectors in developed nations including the US and the UK can also be noted as major constituents of economic growth (Mahembe, 2011). Source: (Mahembe, 2011) Enthusiastically, based on these statistical findings and economic affirmations, small businesses have been connoted as the â€Å"powerhouse† and even as â€Å"most powerful engines of growth and jobs† within an economy (Banks, 2012). It is certainly for this particular reason that authoritative bodies, in the global economy today, intends to render greater emphasis and strategic support to these sectors, helping them to grow, sustain and compete. However, in the realistic scenario, these ‘powerhouses’ often have to face various hazards which are mostly concerned with the availability of adequate resources req uired to sustain the business in the long-run. Finance is an important requirement for the formation of any business allowing it to explore and take advantages of opportunities with the purpose of expansion and support to the daily operations. Literally stating, finance is a lubricant for any business to sustain their functions successfully in highly dynamic modern business circumstances (INFLIBNET Centre, 2010). As a matter of fact, without adequate availability of finances, business cannot grow which eventually results in its failure. In the current business scenario, operating environment for small business has become quite challenging fundamentally owing to the increasing complexities influenced by the rapidly altering external environmental elements. In recent times, the government bodies and the financial institutions have realized the importance of small businesses in the development of national economy and thereby have been focusing on rendering support to the sector with a greater motive to augment economic prosperity in the global platform. Contextually, several sources have become available to small businesses today, through which they can meet their financial requirements effectively, e.g. bank lending, mortgages, credit facilities and others (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2009). However, procurement of finance from various sources itself requires some expenses (Department of Economic Development, Tourism and the Arts, 2011). Additionally, owing to the variances, raising finance for small scale businesses has become more sophisticated than it was earlier. Difficulties in Raising Finance for Small Scale Businesses There are various issues that contribute towards the challenges faced by the small businesses. In relation to this, one of the vital and common issues faced by the small businesses today has been their limited access to adequate finance (Soni, 2005). One of the potential explanations for apparent difficulties experienced by smal l businesses can be related with nominal credit risk management practiced by finance providers. It is completely rational for bank managers to take into account the various risk factors associated with pricing of loans. From the point of view of various banks, loans that have larger default risks or certain loans where borrowers are deemed to fail to meet interest payments have relatively lower chances to be approved. Even though, these requests are approved, lenders often attempt to mitigate such additional risks by issuing loans with shorter maturity period or by minimising the

Life is a Trajectory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life is a Trajectory - Essay Example The river never gets stagnant. From the tender brooks on the lap of the mountains, it runs down as streams getting titanic form and passing by greatest civilisations and mighty cities of the world to end its long drawn journey into the ever eclipsing oceans where the entity of this particular river gets effaced along with many joining the mighty procession called life. In a similar manner, life initiates on the lap of parents, tender and wild, innocent like a flower. At that point of time, love, care and nurturing becomes the only need of life. At the brink of youth, vibrant and exuberant life has an unknown threat to explore the unexplored, to experience the inexperienced and navigate through the dark and unseen abbeys of the wilderment. Then comes the middle age with maturity of perception and wide experiences, where the tramping feet gets shackled with added responsibility and thought that echo in redundant way that wounded knees were better than broken hearts.

Laboratory Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Laboratory Report - Essay Example Question 4: In this example of the elbow flexion unloading response (i.e. the task performed during the laboratory), state the muscle from which the data from sheet 1 was recorded, and whether the weight was removed unexpectedly or was self-removed by the subject. What was the latency of the response Answer: The data from sheet 1 showed the elbow flexion unloading response of the biceps. The weight was self- removed as we observed the reduced EMG activity of the biceps, starting before the onset of the unloading. The latency time is about 50 milliseconds. Question 5: Based on evidence from the laboratory and/or the literature, explain the major reflex pathway that causes the reduction in agonist EMG in the unexpected unloading response. Include the series of neural events from just prior to the release of the weight until the end of the first agonist (biceps) response. Answer: Anticipation in the postural domain is an example of the ability of the CNS to predict the consequence of the mechanical effect of movement on posture and helps minimize a forthcoming disturbance. A classical example was provided by the pioneer work of Belenkiy et al. (1967). They showed that, during arm raising while standing, the prime mover activity in the biceps brachii was preceded by an activation of a leg muscle, the biceps femoris, starting 100 ms before the movement onset.

Personal statement for applying master program in Finance

For applying master program in Finance - Personal Statement Example Finance is a vast subject. Just as it is revealed that human being is the crown of creation, the subject of foreign exchange is the crown of finance. Without the thorough knowledge of foreign exchange, its mercurial style of functioning, knowledge of finance, management and business world as a whole is incomplete. If we can compare the business world to an orchestra, foreign exchange is the conductor of the orchestra. All other musical instruments work in tandem as per the swing of the baton of the conductor. One who knows the subject of foreign exchange, knows how important the words like moods and swing in relation to this subject are! I like the subject of foreign exchange because I am aware of the significance of the subject in the context of global business. My interest in stock and investment goes in tandem with my fascination about the working of the foreign markets. Investments are about timing, opportunity and choices, especially for buying and selling stocks in the national as well as the international markets, one has to take split-second decisions. Often I marvel at those stock and finance wizards like Warren Buffet who take to the stock market just like fish takes to the ocean waters. They seem to function with ease, remain calm and collected, but they have a steely will and their well-versed calculations for investments, either to buy or sell stocks, are the outcome of their profound d study of the stock market and its behavior of the foreign exchange domain. This is not to say I want to follow their methods of responding to the share market and I certainly do not wish to become the second Warren Buffe t, but the first Chang Tu. That is to say, I do not like to be the follower, but the leader and prove my credentials. I have the will to grow, with the theory knowledge that I am going to acquire in university, under the able guidance of the members of the faculty. I realize that one of the

Eva Smith letter Essay Example for Free

Eva Smith letter Essay My life is unbearable and torn apart, in his letter I shall leave explanations for you to discover. Once I had feelings and ambitions, all are now destroyed. Why me? I had everything going for me once, I used to look forward to the future and seize every chance. Where am I destined for now? This evil world is not fit to bring a child into. I wish I could rely on someone; at least I can rely on a bottle of disinfectant to end my existence. What you are about to read is what has driven me to suicide. My social superiors have wrecked my life. I came from the country, a girl with so much hope and aspirations but now I wish I had never set my eyes on a place called Brumley.  I worked at a factory owned by Mr.Birling, a fat arrogant cruel man. I lost my job because we, the workers, asked for a raise. The few extra shillings we wanted could have easily been afforded but he was too cold and greedy to give us better wages. I was one the leaders of a strike in September 1910, the strike failed, as we could not afford to stay out of work. The man was so horrible to me; the day that he called me up to his office to tell me that I was fired he told me something that still haunts me. As I was leaving his office he stopped me at the door and said oh Eva, you were about to be promoted, what a mess you have made of that. I now had the reputation of a troublemaker but I was really a hard working popular worker. I was in for two hard months, unemployed and black listed. It was almost impossible to find a job. In those two months I became extremely depressed and very scared of the future. Penniless, I borrowed money from friends and ate other peoples food. I couldnt believe what had happened to me. I had a stroke of luck when I got a job at Milwards, an expensive clothes shop. I had a wonderful time there; I met new people and worked hard. As you will see in this story and I quickly learned, good things dont last! On one fateful day in January 1911, Shelia Birling came into the shop. She took the anger she had against her mother out on me because I looked good in a dress and she didnt; also I think she saw me smile to another worker and mistook it as me laughing at her. She accused me of impertinence and she started to shout at me. She used her family name to get me the sack. She picked on someone who could not fight back; she knew that she was more important to Milwards than I was. Why does it have to be me living the bad conditions? At least she has a family. Why is life unfair? Again I was out of work, penniless and desperate. I wish that I could support myself. Unfortunely the only work I could get was prostitution. It was become a prostitute or starve. I am the type of person who aspires to be something not a prostitute. Unfortunately extreme times lead people to extreme measures. I had no choice.  I was at the Palace Bar, the place I used to pick up men, Joe Meggerty, an awful man who chased prostitutes, was manhandling me. A good looking, gentleman named Gerald Croft rescued me. Gerald was nice too me. He made me his mistress; it was an affair because I knew he had someone else. I loved him but he was just using me for sex. At least I lived in total luxury for six months. He ended it in September 1911, I was an inconvenience. I was absolutely heart broken. I felt so used and abandoned. He gave me money to help me for a while; Gerald was the type of man who thought money solved everything. I enjoyed the affair so much that I went off to the seaside and pretended that the affair was still on. I had been expecting it to end any way, as he did not have the same feeling I had for him. Good things never last for me. I lived on the money he gave me until November 1911. It was then back to being a prostitute, back to the Palace Bar, back to that hellish dreadful lifestyle it was so difficult because I had been away from it for so long. I wish I had never set eyes on Eric Birling. He is the son Arthur Birling. He is a bit shy but that certainly changes when he has alcohol in him. I ended up getting drunk with him. We went home together, I then told him not to come in but he threatened to cause a row. I let him in and he forced me to have sex with him; he raped me. We met often after that. Our relationship was just pleasure, he kept me for sex, we had no feelings for each other. I worked as a prostitute for Eric; it was better, I suppose, than having to work for the likes of Joe Meggerty, as Eric was a young man. I found out, to my horror, that because of Eric raping me I was pregnant with his child. I was so scared when I found out that I was having a child, I fell into a world of despair unable to escape. Where would the money come from to feed the child? I was beginning to really worry about the future. I was stuck, no one would feel sorry for a prostitute, people would think that I had got what I deserved. I was even more frightened when I found out that the money Eric gave me was stolen. I couldnt take the money anymore, as I am a truthful and honest person. I didnt see Eric again after that. I dont hate Eric for what he did; I just think that he should learn that there are more things to life than drinking. I was frightened and alone, my only choice was to beg for money from the Brumely Womens Charity Organization. The chairperson was Sybil Birling, wife of Arthur Birling, a cold-hearted woman. She refused me help because she didnt like me. I told her that my name was Mrs. Birling, I thought I should have the right to that name but she thought that I was being rude towards her. Perhaps she did not want the name Birling being brought into disrepute. She took me to a back room and I explained to her that the father of the child was giving me money but the money was stolen and I couldnt take it anymore. She said that some one as low as me would not have airs and graces like that; she thought that poor people did not have feelings and morals, that we were animals. I deserved that bit of help she could have given me, especially as it would have supported her grandchild. There is now nothing I can do; Im the lowest of the low. I have gone without food for days. Why did they have to reject my plea for help? How can Mrs. Birling be so cold hearted? Why do I have I to live this worthless existence, trapped in misfortune? I am now in total despair.  I have found out that this world is cruel and unfair. This town, this world is not the type of place that I would like to bring a child up in. I must end this for both of us. I am a victim of others lack of morals. I know Ill go to heaven because I have served my time in hell.

Psychology and Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Perspectives Essay Human beings are given the unique capacity to view things not just the way they are but also on the pre-programmed processes we use in describing a situation. These perspectives can come from many different external influences and by internal factors involving our personal and historical development. On these reason we can employ psychology to study why and how we view things and how these factors influence our perspectives. There are many psychological perspectives presented in the field to distinguish our differences from other people. However, though we have been guided by these explanations on how we react mentally and physically over a situation, these perspectives, though they are limited, complement each other to form a unified explanation on our views. Their questions present different answers which can describe the paradigms of human existence and process, based on the different aspects of their functions and influences. This paper will discuss several psychological perspectives and their relationship to our daily routine of looking at things differently from others. View point and summaries of related topics will be discussed applied with the neuroscience, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, behavior genetics and cognitive perspectives. These perspectives are best to explain the differences people have on viewing a situation. Neuroscience Perspective First, the neuroscience perspective looks at the internal viewing functions of a person. This involves the processes of the brain in conceiving a situation and the underlying influences that affect a persons behavior. It describes how the body and mind control our emotions, memories, and sensory processes to react on a given situation. In The Girl with a Boys Brain by Carlin Flora, neuroscience perspective is used in determining a persons tendencies and irregularities by identifying brain processes and disorders.   Kiriana Cowansage has had obsessions and successes in many areas of her life. However, though her brain is above the average intellectual norm, she often gets lost in her own neighborhood. She is then diagnosed to have Aspergers Syndrome, a mental disorder highly functional in the autism family. This condition is found usually on boys due to their innate tendency to systematize. Kiriana is said to be weak in relating with other people and in situations she is in. Often times she gets confused by unfamiliar events and get lost helplessly in it due to her faulty sensory processing systems. Kirianas behaviors are apparently affected by her condition and needs attention on how inner processes to solve her problem. This inner view to explain a persons behavior and practices is described in neuroscience perspectives. Evolutionary perspective Evolutionary perspective relates our ancestral environment to be affective of our behaviors at present. The historical development of people and their retained and their passed characteristics are considered to be factors that affect their emotions and tendencies. Evolutionary psychology taps on the affective structures of human ancestral environments on the establishment of emotions, personalities, cognitive processes, and mental disorders (Nesse, p6). In a Psyched for Success article publsihed in October 2003, evolutionary perspective is used in describing the causes and implications of depression. There they raised the question of whether depression is simply a disorder or a sign of emotional fatigue. The article states that, in centuries past, aspects of human life have been internalized and passed through generations to our present life. These aspects of the past are still being used but are insufficient or inappropriate because of our more complicated present. Depression is said to signal this mismatch between our old ways and our new situations (2003). Since life today are relatively harder, people cannot cope completely with new and unfamiliar events presented to them thus causes stress and signals a people to step back and reassess the situation and their reaction. Psychodynamic perspective Psychodynamic perspective asserts that inner conflicts of the past affect a persons behaviors and emotions at the present. It is based primarily on Freuds concept of the unconscious where all repressed feelings are stored and affect our views unnoticeably. People who have abusive and violent experiences in the past are more likely to have repressed emotions stored in their unconcious and these defines who they are in the present. The article In the Name of Love describes adult relationships to be greatly affected by peoples relationships during childhood. Johnson and Maranos report relates the attachment theory of infancy, the characteristic of a child to rely and depend on an immediate relative, a mother usually. This attachment is then carried as children grow old and establish their own relationships with other people (Johnson and Marano, 1994). Partners rely on each others affection and availability. When people are in fear or anxiety, they will certainly ask for support from their partners. Children and adult relationships are underlined by the common need of a person for attachment and security. Behavioral perspective Most of the time there are environmental stimuli that automatically or force us to make a reaction. Behavioral perspective describes this immediate factors as affective to ones behavior. Psychotherapy utilizes this perspective to describe a persons behavior through various stimulus and on many occasions it is used to erase or establish a behavior in a person. In an article by Tim Bower and Robert Epstein, behavioral perspective can detect psychological disorders on patients and consequently affect a therapists own personality. Due to the reinforced and repeated exposure to the cases and situations of patients they treat, therapist have a tendency to absorb behaviors and manifest it in their own lives. In a certain instance, psychologists who experienced having a patient suicide felt guilt and self-incrimination which could lead to other unprofessional behaviors. Also, the distress caused by their patients faulty disclosures have affected their lives with their own families the same with how their family relationships affect their professional responsibilities. Also, mental health workers are at greater risk of substance abuse due to their treatment of patients with the same behavior (Epstain and Bower, 1997). Genetic behavior perspective The genetic behavior perspective relates to the innate causes of behaviors. The hereditary influences that people often are affected in their responses to stimuli are regarded with much research and attention to prove. The concept of being born and not made can be found on this perspective as what the article Bruce Avolio explained. In Are Leaders Born or Made?, he stated that genetic codes also contain behavioral preferences and tools for people be what they are â€Å"meant† to be. Leaders are equipped with high energy, desire to affect others, determination and intelligence. Scientist have spent time and effort in proving that these qualities are innate and   are gifts to chosen individuals tasked become leaders. However, these characteristics are later found with the possibility of being learned and instilled to us by our parents at the early stages of life (Avolio, 1999). Also, in the article, My Genes Made Me Do It, Peele and DeGrandpre genetic codes programmed with certain behaviors are being used as excuse for tolerating certain actions (Peele and DeGrandpre , 1995). Often times, people are fooled with wrong theories on genetic behaviors and on this note researchers are focused on specific areas of life which can really be passed genetically. Also, if our personality is already determined during the early stages of conceiving, people tend to withdraw efforts on changing their behaviors. This perception is considered to have monumental consequences on how we view ourselves and on personal development. These psychological perspectives – neuroscience, evolutionary, genetic behavior, behavioral, and psychodynamic – are established to have various views on how human beings behave and relate to others. Though these perspectives raises differing questions and answers, they all relate a persons process and structure for behavior. The study on these perspectives not only open various doors for psychological exploration but also give different means on how to describe personalities and offer treatments on the disorders which haunt people over the course of their life by identifying the internal and external etiologies of their abnormalities. Also, these only prove that wherever human perspectives are present, psychological approaches can be utilized to determine the wide range of causes and influences of these views.

History Of The Bus Topology

History Of The Bus Topology A bus topology is a network set up in which nodes are connected to a segment of cable in the logical shape of a line, with a terminator at each end. A bus topology connects each computer or nodes to a single segment trunk. All nodes on the network share a common bus and use a multi-drop transmission medium. Bus network allows only one device to transmit at a time. A distributed access protocol determines which station is to transmit. The signal goes from one end of the bus to another. A terminator is needed at each to cut down the signal so it does not reflect back across the bus. CSMA/CA, media access method, is used to control the collisions that take place when two signals placed on the wire at the same time. There are two types of bus topology: Linear Bus Topology and Distributed Bus Topology. In Linear Bus Topology, all nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints. Distributed Bus in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has more than two endpoints that are created by adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium. Bus networks do best with a limited number of devices. If more than limited computers are added to a bus, performance problems will be result. If the backbone cable fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusable. Fig: Bus Topology Ring Topology Ring network topology has no central server and connects computers in a circle of point-to-point connections. Each node handles its own applications. And also shares resources over the entire network. If one node becomes break down, the others are still able to maintain contact with one another. Such a network is best for decentralized systems because no priorities are required. The signal is transferred through a token for one station to the next. When a station needs to transmit, it grabs the token, attaches data and an address to it. And then routes it around the ring. The token travels along the ring till reaches the destination address. The receiving computer replies an acknowledgment to the sender source. The sender then releases the token for use by another computer. Each station on the ring has equal access but only one station can use token at a time. To allow an orderly access to the ring, a single electronic token passes from one computer to the next around the ring. A computer can only transmit data when it captures the token Fig: Ring Topology Star Topology A star topology is one of the most use common network topology where each of the devices and computers on a network connect to a central hub or sometimes just a switch. On a star network, data passes though the hub to its destination. The hub manages and controls all functions of the network. It also performs as a repeater for the data flow. In a star network, the entire network is dependent on the hub so if there is a problem with the hub, the entire network is not working. This makes it easy to troubleshoot by offering a single point for error connection and at the same time the dependency is also very high on that single point. Every computer in the network is safe when the hub is safe. This type of network also offers more privacy than any other network. The star network topology requires more cable than the usual Bus topology. A common cable that is used in star network is the UTP or the unshielded twisted pair cable. Another common cable that is used in star networks is the RJ45 or the Ethernet cables. If one computer fails in the network, it does not affect any other computer in the network and the purposes of this computer can be easily changed to the next computer easily using the controls of hub. In a Star Network Topology it is possible to have all the important data backups on the hub in a private folder so if one computer fails, it can still use data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup files on the hub. New devices or nodes can easily be added to the Star Network by just extending a cable from the hub. Because of the hub controls everything, the addition or removal of devices are done using the hub. If the hub adds a device such as a printer or a fax machine, all the other computers on the network can access that new device by accessing the hub. The device is no need to be installed on all the computers in the entire network. The central function is cost effective and easier to maintain. Fig: Star Topology Mesh Topology A type of network configuration where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another allows for most transmissions to be distributed even if one of the connections goes down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks because it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. In Mesh network, it can route data, voice and instructions between nodes. It allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached. A mesh network whose nodes are all connected to each other is a fully connected network. The network can still operate even when a node fails or a connection goes bad. On a mesh network, messages can send via any of several possible paths from source to destination. It employs one of two connection arrangements, full mesh topology or partial mesh topology. In the full mesh topology, each node is connected directly to each of the others. In the partial mesh topology, some nodes are connected to all the others, but some of the nodes are connected only to those other nodes with which they exchange the most data. Fig: Mesh Topology Different types of cables Different types of network cables are used depending on the kind of network. The type of cable used for a network depends on the networks topology, protocol, and size. If a network has large number of network devices, it will need cables that provide high speed and error free connectivity. Some of the cables being used today are Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables. The UTP cable is the most popular variety, largely used for school networks as it transfers data at 100 mbps. Coaxial cables have a single copper conductor at their center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and the braided metal shield. The outer metal shield blocks out outer interferences such as lights, motors and other computers. Fiber optic cables consist of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials. It transmits light rather than electronic signals and transfers signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair cables. Network cables are the backbone of any network. However, today several networks are switching over to other mediums of data transfer such as high frequency radio signals, and infrared light beams to connect the workstations. These systems are not only fast and effective, but also do away with the problem of maintain several hundred feet of cables spreading across the workspace. With such technologies coming to the forefront, the future may well tilt in favor of wireless systems. 10Mbps Networking Standard Cable Type Segment Length Connector 10Base2 Thin Coaxial 185 meters BNC 10BaseT Category 3, 4, 5 twisted pair 100 meters RJ-45 10BaseFL Fiber-optic 2000 meters SC/ST b) Advantages and Disadvantages of medium. Media Type Maximum Segment Length Speed Cost Advantages Disadvantages UTP 100 m 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps Least expensive Easy to install; widely available and widely used Susceptible to interference; can cover only a limited distance STP 100 m 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps More expensive than UTP Reduced crosstalk; more resistant to EMI than Thinnet or UTP Difficult to work with; can cover only a limited distance Coaxial 500 m (Thicknet) 185 m (Thinnet) 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps Relatively inexpensive, but more costly than UTP Less susceptible to EMI interference than other types of copper media Difficult to work with (Thicknet); limited bandwidth; limited application (Thinnet); damage to cable can bring down entire network Fiber-Optic 10 km and farther (single-mode) 2 km and farther (multimode) 100 Mbps to 100 Gbps (single mode) 100 Mbps to 9.92 Gbps (multimode) Expensive Cannot be tapped, so security is better; can be used over great distances; is not susceptible to EMI; has a higher data rate than coaxial and twisted-pair cable Difficult to terminate c) Recommendation. Star topology would be the best way to use for renewing Townsville Police Department Network infrastructure because of in-house network (LAN) structure. Star topology should be also used for following reasons. Easy to install and reconfigure. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. Less expensive. Includes robustness, that is, if one link fails, only that link is affected, other links remain active. It has been said that Townsville Police Department covers an area of 100 square kilometers and Townsville is divided into four districts (Northern, Eastern, Western and Southern). For that reason, the switch should be placed in the center of four districts. So, the network cable must cover 50 kilometer and the switch must be gigabit Ethernet. Therefore, UTP with cat6E is the most suitable network for such an area of network. Category 6 UTP Category 6 supports gigabit Ethernet and is recognized by standards bodies as supporting 10GBASE-T, however there are limitations that must be considered. The IEEE 802.3an standard cites a 55 meter distance limitation for standard category 6, which is not universally agreed upon within the TIA and ISO standards.TIA TSB 155 recently released a Technical Service Bulletin covering additional parameters for running 10GBASE-T on standard category 6. In this document a 37 meter distance limitation is referenced for 10GBASE-T on standards compliant category 6 systems. Between 37 meters and the IEEE referenced 55 meters, standard category 6 may support 10GBASE-T, but it is possible that the installer may have to use alien crosstalk mitigation techniques such as unbundling cables or replacing patch cords to improve the electrical parameters to allow 10GBASE-T to work properly. Above 55 meters, it is unlikely that category 6 UTP would work properly without a large amount of mitigation to reduc e alien crosstalk. A key takeaway is that using category 6 UTP for 10GBASE-T should be focused on existing installations, not new installations. The choice for new installations designed to support 10GBASE-T should be augmented category 6 UTP, STP or optical fiber systems. Category 6 Advantages  » Cost and size of media, relative to augmented category 6 and STP  » Installed base currently the dominant UTP cabling standard  » Installation widely accepted Category 6 Disadvantages  » Limited distance for 10GBASE-T  » External noise suppression at 100 m, relative to shielded systems or augmented category 6 Task 2 a) Nowadays, there are several usages of Internet by means of so many ways. There are three basic Internet services: Information (browsing, online-shopping, etc.) Communications (mail, chat, Video conferencing, etc.) Files sharing (downloading, uploading, etc.) b) The connecting suitable for above severs are as follows: For Information service: It can cover only 100 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. For Communication: For video conferencing, bandwidths of no more than 384 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. As for chatting communication, especially for yahoo chat, 28 Kbits/s should be enough. For File Sharing: As for file sharing, bandwidths of more than 1 Mbit/s are most suitable. c) The Internet Service Provider in Myanmar Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications The Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), is the sole provider of telecommunication services in Myanmar. It is a Government Agency, operating under the Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs. It was founded in 1884 as a small Department of Posts and Telegraphs and has grown into the present day Myanma Posts and Telecommunications with approximately 13800 employees of which about 380 are managerial level staff. The present organization is headed by the Managing Director and a General Manager as his deputy. There are nine major departments operating under respective deputy general managers/chief engineers in the fields of administration, works and inspection, planning, training, finance, stores, automatic telephones, overseas communications and long distance communications. The three main categories of services rendered by MPT are the postal services, telegraph services and telephone services, for both domestic and international communications. d) Since, there is only one ISP in our country (Myanmar); we have to use MPT (Myanmar Posts and Telecommunication) as an ISP for our country. Task 3 a) Methods of Two-Way Voice communications Two-way voice communications (radios) are essentially available in three types: Hand-held portable, Vehicle-mounted mobile, and Desktop-base station There are also unique two-way radio devices such as indoor and outdoor call boxes and one-way radio receivers for wireless paging. Hand-held portable two-way radios are the walkie talkie type of radios. As ruled by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission), hand-held radios may not have more than 5 watts of power. Vehicle-mounted mobile two-way radios mount in a car or truck and they use the vehicles battery for power. They may have their own antenna, but better range is achieved by using an externally-mounted antenna. Desktop base station radios use wall AC power and they too may have a built-in antenna, but this antenna may be disconnected and then connected to cable that leads to an external-mounted antenna. The higher the antenna is mounted, the better the range. The vehicle-mounted mobile radios are usually used as base stations by just adding an AC to DC power converter. Mobile and Base station radios are usually more powerful than hand-held radios and may have as much as 100 watts of power. Frequencies There are two major frequency formats for two-way radios. They are Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radio and Very High Frequency (VHF) radio. Neither frequency band is inherently better than the other. They each have their pluses and minuses. Both formats are effective ways to communicate with another person. UHF radio The UHF radio band for commercial radios is between 400 512 MHz. Until recently, it wasnt widely used. Now, the UHF radio frequency is used for two-way radios, GPS, Blue-tooth, cordless phones, and WiFi. VHF radio The VHF radio band for commercial radios is between 130 174 MHz. FM radio, two-way radios, and television broadcasts operate in this range. Both UHF and VHF radios are prone to line of sight factors, but VHF a little more so. The waves make it through trees and rugged landscapes, but not as well as UHF frequencies do. However, if a VHF wave and a UHF wave were transmitted over an area without barriers, the VHF wave would travel almost twice as far. This makes VHF easier to broadcast over a long range. Two-way radios, hand-held portable, vehicle-mounted mobile and desktop base station are full duplex. b) Legal requirement for operation system Two -way radio devices Two-way radio power Antennas Channel usages FCC Licensing Audio Accessories Cases, Holsters, and Belt Clips Batteries Repeaters Drop-in Charger Multi-charging Units Selectable Power Operators Administrators Control station Additional and optional knowledge of two-way voice communication technology Overall knowledge of how to use a selected two-way voice communication device Costs of setting up and operating the system in my country As for hand-held two way voice communication device, according to amazon.com, the costs are as follows: For Cobra CTX400 GMRS/FRS 2-Way Rechargeable Radio with Hands-Free Operation (Pair) $36.88 For Townsville Police Department, total cost for using hand-held two way voice communication device is up to $2065.28. d) Limitations of each method (interference, range, etc.). Product Features 22 Mile Range, 22 Channels 121 Privacy Codes 10 Channel NOAA radio Hands-free operation (VOX) 8 Rechargeable AAA batteries, and a 2 port desk charger included Maximum range extender and belt clip included for maximum efficiency and carrying ease Lead-Free, Eco-Friendly Packaging e) As for following feature Highlights, tow way voice communication should be set up. VOX The Voice Activated Transmit (VOX) feature enables us to use our radio hands free. When VOX is turned on, the radio will automatically begin transmitting when we speak, without pressing the push-to-talk button. VOX works well for any application. On most VOX-capable radios there is a slight delay between when we start speaking and when the microphone turns on so the first part of the conversation may be clipped. Most radio users overcome this by repeating the first word. Military Specification Standards In an effort to achieve standardization objectives for purchases of products used by the military and other government organizations, the U.S. Department of Defense created standards that these products must meet. We will see these standards called military standard, MIL-STD, or MIL-SPEC. These standards ensure products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, compatibility, and similar defense-related objectives. According to Military Specification Standards, Townsville Police Department should be used Cobra CTX400 GMRS/FRS 2-Way Rechargeable Radio. Task 4 a) Since AVAYA IP Office 4.0 is only software for PBX telephone system, the main equipment that would be installed is only software. The procedure for the installation is as follows: Installation To establish and maintain an IP DECT installation, a network infrastructure is assumed, which comprises at least the following components: IP Base Stations IP DECT phone IP Office TFTP server (which can be the IP Office or 3rd Party) Depending on the operational requirements the following services should be provided: DHCP SNTP DNS WML/HTTP Syslog daemon b) AVAYA IP Office 4.0 Telephone System (IP DECT) Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication The standard (ETS 300 175) essentially specifies the air interface, known as the radio interface. Voice and data can both be transmitted via this interface. DECT key technical characteristics are: Frequency range: approximately 1,880 1,900 GHz (approximately 20 MHz bandwidth) 10 carrier frequencies (1,728 MHz spacing) with 12 time slots each Doubling the number of time slots (to 24) using the TDMA process Net data rate per channel of 32 kbit/s (for voice transmission using ADPCM) Voice coding using the ADPCM method Maximum transmission power of 10 mW GAP Generic About the IP DECT Base Stations There are two types of IP Base Station. All IP Base Stations have the same hardware and software capabilities. Indoor IP Base Station The indoor IP Base Station is for indoor use only. It can be powered by a mains adapter or by 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet. Note For Australia and New Zealand the mains adaptor is not currently supported. Only 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet is supported. Outdoor IP Base Station The outdoor IP Base Station can be used outdoors or indoors. The outdoor IP Base Station can only be powered by 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet. Note Avaya Power over Ethernet adaptors are non 802.3af compliant, and therefore cannot power the ADMM. One of the IP Base Station within an IP DECT installation must be chosen (at installation time) to operate as the ADMM. This ADMM mode is in addition to the normal IP Base Station functionality that all the other base stations retain. c) Costs for installing AVAYA IP office There are two models of phones: the 3701 and 3711 phones. Avaya Kirk DECT phones (WT9620 and DT20) function on the IP DECT solution, but the functionality is limited. AVAYA Partner 18D- Digital phone 3 new from $95.00 Avaya 6408D+- Digital phone -multi-line operation Avaya 5621SWP IP Phone (700385982) Avaya IP400 Analog Trunk 4 card Available at external website: Atlas Phones for $199.00 d) Costs for operating the system Avaya IP Office Smart Card w/Voicemail Pro like new, available at external website: Atlas Phones for $1,095.00. Premise-based IP PBX systems vary extremely widely in cost and even more so as we look at wide-scale deployments and future growth and additions to a system. A basic premise-based box for a relatively small number of users say up to 20 in a single location can cost less than $1,000 excluding the phones themselves. But expansion costs and other branch locations can change the cost equation dramatically. In addition, we will have ongoing costs related to connection to the regular phone system and whatever connection costs are imposed by our backbone supplier. These ongoing costs are nevertheless going to be considerably lower than any other form of phone system. They should be lower than hosted VoIP solutions, and they will be dramatically lower than any older PBX and telecommunications provider. Phones are an additional cost, but when buying a premise-based IP PBX system, we often have greater flexibility than in any other arrangement. We can choose to go with very low-cost, no-name or bottom-of-the-line phones (which are still perfectly capable) all the way up to top-notch phones from manufacturers such as Polycom and Siemens that provide usability benefits (although often at a price premium). For Townsville Police Department, AVAYA Partner 18D- Digital phone should be used up to 6 base stations as for details, one Headquarter Reception Area, four Districts, and one serious crime squad. e) Recommendation for AVAYA The IP DECT solution delivers all the benefits of IP-based converged communications with the convenience of in-building wireless communications. Designed to support a large number of users, the IP DECT system enables users to carry a wireless phone and get full access to all the features they are accustomed to using at their desk phone. The IP DECT solution, which connects to the IP Office using a variant of the H.323 protocol, can support users in different offices that are connected via a WAN. An IP DECT cordless handset can travel from one office to another, making and taking calls. The DECT over IP system comprises the following components: At least one IP Base Station connected over an IP network and offering IP DECT as a wireless interface. A maximum of 32 IP Base Stations are supported. IP Office Small Office Edition, IP Office 406v2, 403, 406v1 or 412 with available VCM resources. IP DECT phone: Avaya 3701 and Avaya 3711 wireless phones. A maximum of 120 IP DECT phones are supported. Avaya IP DECT Mobility Manager (ADMM): management interface for IP DECT Wireless Solution, which runs on either one of the IP DECT Base Stations. The picture displayed next page gives a graphical overview of the architecture of the IP DECT Wireless solution. The IP Office, ADMM and the IP Base Stations communicate through the IP infrastructure. The IP Base Stations and the IP DECT phones communicate over air. Graphical overview of the architecture of the IP DECT Wireless solution Task 5 Task (5) This is the detail report for the overall tasks sorting from Task 1 to Task 4.In Task 1, the Townsville Police Department should be used Category 6 UTP by the following reasons:  » Cost and size of media, relative to augmented category 6 and STP  » Installed base currently the dominant UTP cabling standard  » Installation widely accepted And it is suitable for Townsville Police Department. Category 6 supports gigabit Ethernet and is recognized by standards bodies as supporting 10GBASE-T, however there are limitations that must be considered. The IEEE 802.3an standard cites a 55 meter distance limitation for standard category 6, which is not universally agreed upon within the TIA and ISO standards.TIA TSB 155 recently released a Technical Service Bulletin covering additional parameters for running 10GBASE-T on standard category 6. In this document a 37 meter distance limitation is referenced for 10GBASE-T on standards compliant category 6 systems. Between 37 meters and the IEEE referenced 55 meters, standard category 6 may support 10GBASE-T, but it is possible that the installer may have to use alien crosstalk mitigation techniques such as unbundling cables or replacing patch cords to improve the electrical parameters to allow 10GBASE-T to work properly. Above 55 meters, it is unlikely that category 6 UTP would work properly without a large amount of mitigation to reduc e alien crosstalk. A key takeaway is that using category 6 UTP for 10GBASE-T should be focused on existing installations, not new installations. The choice for new installations designed to support 10GBASE-T should be augmented category 6 UTP, STP or optical fiber systems. Townsville Police Department has been restructured within an area of 100 square kilometers. But Townsville PD could not over more than 500 square kilometers because the head departments are divided into four districts (Northern, Eastern, Western and southern). Cat 6 UTP could support that area. For Task 2, the services for internet connections are as follows: Information (browsing, online-shopping, etc.) Communications (mail, chat, Video conferencing, etc.) Files sharing (downloading, uploading, etc.) These services are the most common used for internet. And recommended connection speeds are as follows: For Information service: It can cover only 100 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. For Communication: For video conferencing, bandwidths of no more than 384 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. As for chatting communication, especially for most chatting communications, 28 Kbits/s should be enough. For File Sharing: As for file sharing, bandwidths of more than 1 Mbit/s are most suitable. There is only one Internet Service Provider in our country, Myanmar Ports and Communications. In Task 3, there are too many options for two -way voice communication devices. Two-way voice communications (radios) are essentially available in three types: Hand-held portable, Vehicle-mounted mobile, and Desktop-base station These are most common used for two-way voice communication. And I provided the recommendation the device as follows: Military Specification Standards In an effort to achieve standardization objectives for purchases of products used by the military and other government organizations, the U.S. Department of Defense created standards that these products must meet. We will see these standards called military standard, MIL-STD, or MIL-SPEC. These standards ensure products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, compatibility, and similar defense-related objectives. According to Military Specification Standards, Townsville Police Department should be used two way voice communication technology. For Task 4, the main equipments that would be installed are just only the software. There are so many options and vendors that provide telephone known as PBX. Among those vendors, I chose AVAYA IP Office 4.0 Telephone System (IP DECT). As for Townsville Police Department, like military office, it is important to choose the right products. The IP DECT solution delivers all the benefits of IP-based converged communications with the convenience of in-building wireless communications. Designed to support a large number of users, the IP DECT system enables users to carry a wireless phone and get full access to all the features they are accustomed to using at their desk phone. The IP DECT solution, which connects to the IP Office using a variant of the H.323 protocol, can support users in different offices that are connected via a WAN. An IP DECT cordless handset can travel from one office to another, making and taking calls.

Mr :: essays research papers

Title: Great Expectations Author: Charles Dickens Main Characters: Pip – The main character, Estella – The rich girl, Joe – Pip’s uncle the blacksmith, Miss Havisham – The rich old lady, Magwitch – The convict and Pip’s benefactor Setting: Kent a town full of marshes by the river Point of View: Dialogue Theme(s): Becoming a gentleman and living in poverty, falling in love with a beautiful girl named Estella who is very rich. Summary: Pip is a young boy who lives in poverty with his sister Mrs. Joe and brother-in-law Joe who is a blacksmith. Pip is paid by Miss Havisham a very wealthy lady to play with Estella who is very proud and stuck up. He falls in love with her but she doesn’t like him because she feels he can never be a gentleman and become wealthy like her. His great expectations start coming true when he helps a convict who later becomes his benefactor. With the help of his benefactor he becomes a wealthy gentleman. Pip tried to do everything to win Estella after many years he finally gets her. Biography of Author: Charles Dickens (1812-1870), was born in England, the second of eight children of a debt ridden government clerk. At age 10 he was sent to work in a London factory. This experience upset him so greatly and left such an impression on him that he later created suffering and abandoned children as the heroes of many of his novels. He finally broke free of the slave factory and returned to school. He became a newspaper reporter, a job that helped him to observe people and to create scenes that live in his readers’ memories. With the appearance of The Pickwick Papers in 1836 and 1837, at age 24, Charleston became the most popular novelist in England.

Snapshots of Carver and O’Connor, Pre-Mortem :: Photographs Photos Carver OConnor Essays

Snapshots of Carver and O’Connor, Pre-Mortem Raymond Carver is glaring from the other side of the table, one beefy arm dangling on a chair, the other planted firmly in front of him. His eyes are white, ethereally white, and his hair is a salt and pepper gray. He looks like someone who buys rounds of drinks for everyone at a bar downtown, or, as one critic noted, maybe he’s your son’s little league coach. He is tough but jowly, going slightly soft, like a man who had a hair-trigger temper once but has worked all these years to overcome it. Flannery O’Connor, on the other hand, is a Sunday school teacher: bookish, awkward in a necklace, looking much older than 39. She is smiling crookedly, furtively, smiling away from us. At church socials, she would be a fixture, a great conversationalist, or possibly the woman that holds everything together, flitting from table to table, cooing in a gentle Georgia lilt. You might see Carver at the hardware store, or O’Connor picking through the stacks at the library. You might spy Carver raking his lawn on Sundays; O’Connor would be trying to settle a group of eight-year olds in a church basement with colorful stories of Noah and Moses. They seem like people I know, people I have seen around town, people I wave to on Sunday mornings. Yet for all their vigor, for all their presence, their days are numbered. I know that these are snapshots of people who are going to die. In a few years, their vivacity will be undercut by mortality, their photographic presence instead marked with the great void of absence. The later pictures show a Carver who is puffy, bald, with jowls dropping to the floor, paying for all those nights at the bar and all those cigarettes, a victim of intensive radiation treatment. O’Connor deteriorated in the opposite direction, not bloating but shrinking: the sinews in her neck jut out like those of a strange, scraggly bird, her soulful eyes bulge, and her body is rigid with lupus. In the final days, she had her God and her peacock farm in backwoods Appalachia. He had his friends, his writer’s reputation, his temporal achievements. Their intensive creative lives visible across their faces in the early photographs have been replaced by tranquility, the comforting promise of death, and a final absolution.

Essay --

CAPITALISM Capitalism is the result of a process in which economic activities and relationships that carry these mechanisms have been generating increasingly complex operation. PHASES OF CAPITALISM The origins of capitalism Since the sixteenth century, some European countries such as England and the Netherlands favored the development of commercial activities in order to obtain larger quantities of precious metals (gold, silver), it was believed that the wealth of nations depended on Accumulation of these metals. That was called mercantilism. This commercial activity, driven by states, benefited some specific factors of society, bourgeois merchants and bankers, and produced a significant accumulation of equity . In the eighteenth century that capital was invested in the creation of the first industries. This pre-capitalist economic system called mercantile capitalism. Liberal capitalism. In the late eighteenth century, some European countries initiated a technological transformation of the means of production and the organization of production is what is known by the name of industrial revolution. The factory and steam were the symbols of the revolution it established the foundations of capitalism this revolution affected the economy and affected the social or political organization. the two most characteristic features of this capitalism are: 1 -. Factories were small and occupied a small number of workers. The property and capital were, in most cases, family origin. . 2 - this time more vigorously defended the idea of economic freedom at all costs, hence the name of liberal capitalism. Financial Capitalism Took place from 1870 to 1914. Economic growth in this period was linked to the emergence of finance capital , t... ...men, an educational system interfered by vested interests, the division of society into numerous caste groups and social classes (rich and poor political parties football fans etc.), delivery of mass media capitalists in order to install in the population through radio television and other media individualism and Cultural corruption. Capitalism through these known methods to adapt and change over time to perpetuate its domination (colonialism laissez faire, military and economic imperialism, neocolonialism, mixed economy. Multinational corporations, monopolies and oligopolies. merger of companies etc. ..) To counter these methods must be created massive campaigns of alternative cultural diffusion through media such as radio, tele vision, magazines etc.. Should be initiated campaigns and mass movements educating and alerting the public about this type of exploitation

Quantum Software Case Study Essay

Quantum Software is a fairly new organization â€Å"No ties, no suits coats, first name only† that was founded by Stan Albright and Erin Barber. The company develops computer software specifically oriented to the needs of independent oil businesses. They’ve had a lot of success over the past 3years and are growing fairly fast. Quantum has gained over 200 employees and has made about 95 million dollars in sales. Currently, Employees at Quantum Software work 16 hour days 6 days a week. In order to keep the morel and sprit up, Quantum recognizes that their employees have been working extra hard and they want to compensate them by having a weekly â€Å"Beer Bust† party. Bill Carter, the corporate attorney, doesn’t agree with the â€Å"beer bust† idea. Instead he believes that serving alcohol at a company’s sponsor party can be a big liability to Quantum. A â€Å"beer bust† sounds fun and relaxing. However Bill Carter makes a good point, serving alcohol at a company’s sponsor party can be a huge liability on the company’s future. Recently an employee by the name of John Hooker lost his balance and fell on the snack table during one of the â€Å"beer bust† events. Luckily John didn’t get hurt. When having these types of events the company cannot guarantee that a person like John will not over drink and possibly drive home drunk and cause a serious accident. These are all things that Quantum needs to take into consideration. Accidents happen all the time and Quantum needs be aware that these â€Å"beer bust† can be a great liability to the company. I can understand that Quantum wants to reward their employees for their hard work. Working long days 6 days a week can get over whelming. What Quantum needs to do is analyze the situation. The company is growing really fast and they need more people. Hiring more programmers can help balance their work load making 8 hour days 5 days a week possible. I don’t think that having a weekly â€Å"beer bust† is a permanent solution. It is obvious that employees at Quantum like to be recognized for their accomplishments and hard work however in the beginning of the case study is it mention the most of the employees drop in to â€Å"unwind† to these â€Å" beer bust† events. Most, meaning that not everyone who works at Quantum shows up or participates in these† beer bust† parties. What I would recommend quantum to do at this point is to pass out an employee surveys and ask their employees what they want or prefer. Some employees might not like the type of environment and rather spend their free time doing something else. Others might like the idea of working fewer hours and having weekends off as a reward. An employee survey can actually help the company out by providing feedback and letting the company know what they like and dislike. The â€Å"beer bust† events have been going on for a while and have become a sort of a company’s tradition. I’m not saying to eliminate the whole â€Å"beer bust† events. The â€Å"beer bust† parties can be a great way to socialize, relax and unwind. Having social events like these can help co workers become closer and share ideas and knowledge which can be beneficial to the company. If Quantum decides to continued the â€Å"beer bust â€Å"parties, what needs to be done is that they need to need to get with Bill carter, the corporate attorney and come up ways to handle a situation if it occurs. Limiting the number of beers a person can have at each event can help by not over drinking or by providing some sort of transportation such as bus or taxi to take employees back home after a â€Å"beer bust† event. These are rules that can be implemented by the company in order to not only save Quantum from a future law suit but also to save a life. The fact that both Eric and Stan are not really listening to Bill’s concerns can and will affect the company’s future. Bill is the corporate attorney and he knows the law. I would recommend bill to talk to both Eric and Stan another day. Eric and Stan are in a relax mode at this point probably had a few drinks or two and might not think that what Bill has to say is quite as important as it really is. Scheduling a meeting with both Eric and Stan and going over what can happen if they don’t start implanting rules.

Left Brain vs Right Brain: How Does It Impact Learning

| | | | | | |The left and right hemispheres of our brain process information in different ways. We tend to process information using our dominant side. However, the learning and thinking process is | |enhanced when both side of the brain participate in a balanced manner. This means strengthening our less dominate hemisphere of the brain. In trying to differentiate between the left and | |right brain, My paper will show information processing styles that are characteristically used by our right or left-brain hemisphere. | |According to Coballis M. C (2007) The left side of the brain processes information in a linear manner. It processes from part to whole. It takes pieces, lines them up, and arranges them in a| |logical order; then it draws conclusions. The right brain however, processes from whole to parts, holistically. It starts with the answer. It sees the big picture first, not the details. If| |one is right-brained, he or she may have difficulty following a lecture unless he or she given the big picture first. That is why it is absolutely necessary for a right-brained person to | |read assigned chapter or background information before a lecture or to survey a chapter before reading. Predominantly Right-brained people have trouble outlining. They rather wrote the | |paper first and outlined later | | | |In addition to thinking in a linear manner, the left-brain processes in sequence. They love to make a list of things they need to accomplish during the day. Left brained enjoy making | |master schedules and daily planning. They complete tasks in order and take pleasure in checking them off when they are accomplished. Learning things in sequence is relatively easy for them. | | | |By, contrast, the approach of the right-brained student is random. If you are right-brained, you may flit from one tack to another. You will get just as much done, but perhaps without | |having addressed priorities. An assignment may be late or incomplete, not because you weren't working but because you were working on something else. You were ready to rebel when asked to | |make study schedules for the week. Because of the random nature of your dominant side, you must make lists, and you must make schedules. This may be your only hope for survival in college. | |You should also make a special effort to read directions. Oh yes, the mention of spelling makes you cringe. Use the dictionary, carry a Franklin speller, use the spell checker on your | |computer. Never turn in an assignment without proofing for spelling. Because the right side of the brain is color sensitive, you might try using colors to learn sequence, making the first | |step green, the second blue, the last red. Or you may want to â€Å"walk† a sequence, either by physically going from place to place or by imagining it. For the first step of the sequence, you | |might walk to the frond door; for the second, to the kitchen; for the third, to the den, etc. Or make Step One a certain place or thing in you dorm room or study place, and Step Two | |another. If you consistently use the same sequence, you will find that this strategy is transferable to many tasks involving sequence. | |Symbolic Vs. Concrete Processing | |The left brain has no trouble processing symbols. Many academic pursuits deal with symbols-such as letters, words, and mathematical notations. The left brained person tends to be | |comfortable with linguistic and mathematical endeavors. Left-brained students will probably just memorize vocabulary words or math formulas. The right brain, on the other hand, wants things| |to be concrete. The right brain person wants to see, feel, or touch the real object. Right brain students may have had trouble learning to read using phonics. They prefer to see words in | |context, to see how the formula works. To use your right brain, create opportunities for hands-on activities, use something real whenever possible. You may also want to draw out a math | |problem or illustrate your notes. | |Logical Vs. Intuitive Processing | |The left brain processes in a linear, sequential, logical manner. When you process on the left side, you use information piece by piece to solve a math problem or work out a science | |experiment. When you read and listen, you look for the pieces so that you can draw logical conclusions. If you process primarily on the right side of the brain, you use intuition. You may | |know the right answer to a math problem but not be sure how you got it. You may have to start with the answer and work backwards. On a quiz, you have a gut feeling as to which answers are | |correct, and you are usually right. In writing, it is the left brain that pays attention to mechanics such as spelling, agreement, and punctuation. But the right side pays attention to | |coherence and meaning; that is, your right brain tells you it â€Å"feels† right. | |Verbal Vs. Nonverbal Processing | |Left brain students have little trouble expressing themselves in words. Right brain students may know what they mean, but often have trouble finding the right words. The best illustration | |of this is to listen to people give directions. The left brain person will say something like â€Å"From here, go west three blocks and turn north on Vine Street. Go three or four miles and then| |turn east onto Broad Street. † The right brain person will sound something like this: â€Å"Turn right (pointing right), by the church over there (pointing again). Then you will pass a McDonalds | |and a Walmart. At the next light, turn right toward the BP station. † So how is this relevant to planning study strategies? Right brain students need to back up everything visually. If it's | |not written down, they probably won't remember it. And it would be even better for right brain students to illustrate it. They need to get into the habit of making a mental video of things | |as they hear or read them. Right brain students need to know that it may take them longer to write a paper and the paper may need more revision before it says what they want it to say. This| |means allowing extra time when a writing assignment is due. | |Reality-Based Vs. Fantasy-Oriented Processing | |The left side of the brain deals with things the way they are-with reality. When left brain students are affected by the environment, they usually adjust to it. Not so with right brain | |students. They try to change the environment! Left brain people want to know the rules and follow them. In fact, if there are no rules for situations, they will probably make up rules to | |follow! Left brain students know the consequences of not turning in papers on time or of failing a test. But right brain students are sometimes not aware that there is anything wrong. So, | |if you are right brain, make sure you constantly ask for feedback and reality checks. It's too late the day before finals to ask if you can do extra credit. Keep a careful record of your | |assignments and tests. Visit with your professor routinely. While this fantasy orientation may seem a disadvantage, in some cases it is an advantage. The right brain student is creative. In| |order to learn about the digestive system, you may decide to â€Å"become a piece of food! And since emotion is processed on the right side of the brain, you will probably remember well anything| |you become emotionally involved in as you are trying to learn. |These are just some of the differences that exist between the left and right hemispheres, but you can see a pattern. Because left brain strategies are the ones used most often in the | |classroom, right brain students sometimes feel inadequate. However, you now know that you can be flexible and adapt material to the right side of your brain. Likewise, those of you who are | |predominantly left brain know that it would be wise to use bot h sides of the brain and employ some right brain strategies. |

Essay the Matrix

The Matrix Plato believed that the world as we see it, is not real but a more illusion, a copy of the real world to be more precise. Take for example if you look at rose or at a woman and you think they are both beautiful, that's manifesting herself in those object, so the idea in this case pure beauty. So according to plato we are not really living in the real world, when we look at a rose or at a woman we are only seeing at a copy of real beauty. So when plato wrote about the cave, he said that man is chained in such a manner that they face only the shadows of anything that is passing by outside the cave.Because the man has only seen these shadows, he will take it as the real things. So if the man sees the shadow of a tree, because that's the only thing he has seen he will think it's a real tree. The only way to become unchained Plato thought, was to begin to see the real nature of things through the mind's eye. But Plato belived that no one could be taught, they had to see reality for themselves, at most they could only be directed by people who had already been there.Plato continues that when someone sees the real world for the first time, it will be to bright for the person and will be confused, but only after spending some time his mind like the eyes will adjust to the light. In the movie this is more or less what happens to Neo, he is trapped in an illusion, he thinks it's real because that's the only thing he has seen. He cannot be told what the matrix is he has to see it for himself, when he first sees it he cannot believe it, but eventually accepts it, and so forth.Both Plato's Cave and the Matrix play with the question are we awake? Both contend that humanity is asleep. Both Plato and the Matrix contend that given everyday world is illusionary. Plato because for him the real world are the form beyond the senses and everyday experience are just shadows on the cave wall. The Matrix presents an substratum a real world open rationing underground. And The prisoner who lives the cave, comes into the sun and their eyes are blinded by the light. The same can be seen when neo first came out of the matrix and said my eyes.I can't see. Another of the similitaries is that in the Cave is some Light, the fire which cast the shadows of the puppets on the walls. This Light can be seen as an small aspect of the sun, small aspect of the Truth. It can be said, that there is Truth beyond the illusion, as its source is the Light. The same in the Matrix, the source of the Matrix is in the real world, only difference is that people are the Light of the matrix since they created it. And was told that's because you have never used them before.Another similitaries is that in the Cave the prisoners never used their eyes truly, they were always in the darkness where they could not see behind themselves to see what was the source of the shadows, in fact their eyes were only adjusted/conditioned to the dimness of the Cave to the degree that when one of the prisoners left the cave and saw the outside their eyes were blinded, having never seen it before, or in the matrix having never used their eyes before. The other diference are that Matrix is more political than mystical as in Plato vision.The philosophical view of the nature of reality as seen in the matrix and the allegory of the cave are the Artificial Intelligence machines are the puppeteers, tricking the humans into believing the Matrix is actual reality. The humans that are imprisoned in the Matrix are like the prisoners in the cave. Neo is the prisoner that is freed from the cave into the true reality of the world. The Matrix is the cave, the real world is existence outside the cave. If i compare these views Descartes poses the question of how he can know with certainty that the world he experiences is not an illusion being forced upon him by an evil demon.He reasons since he believes in what he sees and feels while dreaming, he cannot trust his senses to tell him that he is n ot still dreaming. His senses cannot provide him with proof that the world even exists. Descartes’ evil demon is vividly realized in the Matrix films as the artificial intelligence that forces a virtual reality on humans. Just as Descartes realized that the sensations in his dreams were vivid enough to convince him the dreams were real, the humans who are plugged into the Matrix have no idea that their sensations are false, created artificially instead of arising from actual experiences.Until Neo is yanked from the Matrix, he, too, has no idea that his life is a virtual reality. Like Descartes, Neo eventually knows to take nothing at face value, and to question the existence of even those things, such as chairs, that seem most real. I think that the scenario that is shown in The matrix Could’t happen. because there cant be transported from one world to another through the phone, and cant be alive in two equal bodies in two places are just illucions that in real life ca n not pass never.

Exploring Modernism In Architecture Architecture Essay

For my essay on Modernism in architecture I intend to research an designer of the modernist period in order to set up the signifier, doctrine and societal thoughts behind modernism. ‘The term modern architecture is equivocal. It can be understood to mention to all edifices of the modern period regardless of their ideological footing, or it can be understood more specifically as an architecture conscious of its ain modernness and nisus for alteration. ‘ Modern architecture is a class which normally complements edifices of the twentieth and twenty-first century. It would include Bauhaus / International manners ( sometimes used to depict Bauhaus architecture in United States ) and besides brutalism. Modernism was a reaction against eclectic method and the munificent stylistic surpluss of the Art Deco, Art Nouveau and the Victorian ages. However, it is still a affair of gustatory sensation. Even though Bauhaus, a German design school 3 ( Operated from 1919-33 By laminitis Walter Gropius, so by Hans Mayer and Ludwig Mies der Van Rohe ) which had deeply influenced humanistic disciplines and architecture had been more concerned with societal facets of design ; none the lupus erythematosus, International manner shortly became a symbolism of Capitalism. Fig.2 shows an interesting and most celebrated illustration of this International manner. This manner of architecture was reserved chiefly for office blocks, but was besides seen in places built for the rich and celebrated. Fig.2 shows another edifice widely known for its ‘functionalist aesthetic and a chef-d'oeuvre of corporate modernism. ‘4 5 There were many designers who attached their name to this modernistic epoch, some of the best known being Frank Lloyd Wright ( fig.6 ) , Walter Gropius ( fig.5 ) , Le Corbusier ( fig.2 ) and Ludwig Mies der Van Rohe ( fig.3 ) . 6Fig.6 shows Falling H2O which was a genuinely iconic edifice for many. Willard huntington wrights design which was for a residential place was above a waterfall. This edifice portrayed his position of organic architecture. Modern architecture was found to be disputing traditional instructions which were thought to be suited for architectural design and construction. Modernist ‘s interior decorators went on to reason that designers should plan everything which is necessary for society. From every item and furniture in the inside and outsides of edifices and even led to designers planing the most low of edifices. I have looked at the broader definition of modernism along with the innovators who drove this manner. Louis Kahn is the designer I have chosen to analyze in deepness. His positions of modernism are good known through the modern universe of architecture.Louis Kahn7 Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky ( February 20, 1901 or 1902 – March 17, 1974 ) , or more normally known in the universe of architecture as Louis Kahn was an designer who was infused within the International manner. Kahn graduated from the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Fine Arts in 1924. In the late 1930 ‘s Kahn ‘s was working as a adviser to the Philadelphia Housing Authority. His association with modern architecture grew as he worked with Europeans Stonorov and George Howe with whom Kahn designed many wartime lodging undertakings which can be seen in fig.8. From these experiences it gave Kahn a sense of societal duty which was subsequently reflected in his doctrine. 1947 was a twelvemonth where the Kahn started to emerge. His calling had established to a point where he had started a learning calling at Yale University as the Chief Critic in Architectural Design and Professor of Architecture, until 1957. Then at the University of Pennsylvania as Cret Professor of Arc hitecture until his decease lonely decease in a work forces ‘s room lavatory in Pennsylvania Station in New York. Kahn died in deep debt despite his flush calling. 8 Louis Kahn was a review of mainstream modernism ; his work represented the New Monumentality motion which was besides promoted by Siegfried Gieldion, Josep Llios Sert and Kahn ‘s wise man George Howe. Kahn ‘s edifices are improbably precise in their building of topographic points for people. I found some pieces of Kahn ‘s work peculiarly interesting to analyze from a modernistic architectural position. From the list of his most of import plants I have selected a few which I believe to be peculiarly symbolic to this essay. From more than a twelve houses which had been designed by Kahn Esherick House was the most celebrated. I found Esherick house to one of his most fantastic pieces of work which shows us the way which he subsequently followed in. A critique say ‘s: 11 9 ‘aˆÂ ¦The Esherick House is decidedly one of Kahn ‘s most of import plants which defined lessons he ‘d travel on to utilize in ulterior undertakings. ‘ 12 10 By this I believe he means that Kahn was happening his component which he had so travel onto usage in ulterior undertakings. Kahn ‘s calling comprises of a batch of interesting work, nevertheless, Esherick house stands as one of his most of import pieces of work. In the devising of the house the control of visible radiation had been the preoccupation since the start, and he genuinely had achieved harmoniousness through natural visible radiation every bit good as distinguishable manner through the transcendency and geometric item. Kahn ‘s rules of visible radiation, materiality and geometry are clearly seeable here. He starts to enforce his future positions of signifier in elusive features of this house. At a glimpse it is merely concrete and wood which combine to make the frontages and interior infinites. The house features a textured howitzer coating, with keyhole window which are framed with natural Apilong wood placed at irregular intervals on the forepart facade. The floor program is a refined design by Kahn. It is shown to incorporate two symmetrical rectangles which allow structural support and openness. This truly modernistic construction shows how Kahn ‘s work would blossom in ulterior old ages. The Esherick house ‘s pure usage of geometry and abstract signifier reflect his modernistic attack to architecture. Kahns work is much greater dipected in his later and much larger undertakings. The Salk Laboratories which was developed by Dr Jonas Salk, the developer of infantile paralysis vaccinum had intended for a research lab which was non merely someplace for biological research, but a topographic point which you could ‘invite a adult male like Picasso. '13 The stuffs used for this huge undertaking were concrete, wood, marble and he besides used the component of H2O in his design which as the monolithic composite was juxtaposed against the Pacific Ocean was suiting. I found a really fitting description of The Salk research labs: Kahn ‘s usage of order before signifier shows us how he depicted a edifice to be like a perfect being with complexness of usage inside every bit good as on the outside. I found a really interesting quotation mark from Kahn about the Salk laboratories. His doctrine of design shows use the sort of adult male he was and purposes he perused: â€Å" I did non follow the dictates of the scientists, who said that they are so dedicated to what they are making that when lunch period comes all they do is clear off the trial tubing from the benches and eat their tiffin on these benches. I asked them: was it non a strain with all these noises? And they answered: the noises of the iceboxs are awful ; the noises of extractors are awful ; the trickling of the H2O is awful. Everything was awful including the noises of the air-conditioning system. So I would non listen to them as to what should be done. And I realised that there should be a clean air and chromium steel steel country, and a carpet and oak table country. From this realization signifier became. I separated the surveies from the research lab and placed them over gardens. The garden became out-of-door infinites where one can speak. Now one demand non pass all the clip in the research labs. When one knows what to make, there is merely small clip one needs for making it. It is merely when 1 does non cognize what to make that it takes so much clip. And to cognize what to make is the secret of it all. † I deduce from this extract Kahn ‘s cognition and assurance. I see how Kahn believed in a new modern signifier of architecture. He says it as if he already has the ideas and thoughts to transform edifices into styled and ordered infinite. Kahn ‘s readings were apparently much clearer ; he wanted a modern architecture less concerned with aesthetics and what the edifice looks like. He was more intrigued by the infinites of the edifice and how the infinites were being used, and what order this would make for them. He wanted to do infinites which would impact the experiences of those who inhabited those infinites. Salk research lab shows us a design which had preponderantly established the foundational significance ; order of infinite an so the geometries. He used this construction of idea for his designs of all establishments such as Salk laboratories. ‘The concluding version of the Salk research labs brought him to accept a solution in which services were as ‘repressed ‘ or concealed as in any office edifice by Mies Van der Rohe ‘ From this big undertaking he moved onto a following, nevertheless, this one staying unbuilt whilst he was still populating. Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban in Dhaka, Bangladesh is regarded to be on this is great memorials of international modernism. This edifice was considered as his chef-d'oeuvre of his life-time. Construction of this edifice had stated by 1961 nevertheless due to its huge outrageousness did n't complete building until nine old ages after his decease in 1983 which means it took around 20 old ages to construct. The national assembly edifice was Kahn ‘s most of import piece of work. The infinite was really expansive. The interior country for the Assembly edifice was spilt into 3 subdivisions. The zone in the Centre provides circulation. The chief country or cardinal zone is for the chief assembly. The exterior zone is where the offices and sofas are, besides this is where the entryway to the chief mosque is. In the design we can see how natural visible radiation is a really of import component in this edifice. The edifice seems as if it is entirely for spiritual intents and has a heavy religious genius. â€Å" In the assembly I have introduced a light-giving component to the inside of the program. If you see a series of columns you can state that the pick of columns is a pick in visible radiation. The columns as solids frame the infinites of light. Now think of it merely in contrary and believe that the columns are hollow and much bigger and that their walls can themselves give visible radiation, so the nothingnesss are suites, and the column is the shaper of visible radiation and can take on complex forms and be the protagonist of infinites and give visible radiation to infinites. I am working to develop the component to such an extent that it becomes a poetic entity which has its ain beauty outside of its topographic point in the composing. In this manner it becomes correspondent to the solid column I mentioned supra as a giver of visible radiation. † Here Kahn negotiations about the Bangladesh undertaking. He reiterates the importance of visible radiation in the infinite and his poetic entity which he adds to every design to make a great sense of beauty. In the designing of these three undertakings we can see how Kahn has used his cognition to assist make infinites which execute both signifier and map desirably to the client. Kahn negotiations about how his greater apprehension of what is needed helps him finish his undertaking easy. Kahn negotiations approximately beauty as the great philosopher St Thomas Aquinas did. Aquinas believed that beauty consisted of four ingredients: Integrity, integrity, symmetricalness, and glow. By unity he meant that something is complete on its ain without any being dependent on anything outside it. By integrity he means every portion has a ground and ca n't be taken off without destructing the whole beauty of it. Symmetry mentioning to equilibrate, something ca n't merely alter without a corresponding consequence. This was similar the invariables which had appeared in Kahn ‘s work. The sense of composing, the unity of a edifice fear for stuff, sense of ‘room ‘ , light as the shaper of the construction and architecture of connexion Kahn tried to use these theoretical accounts into all of his undertakings. One even described him as: â€Å" a philosopher among designers † . This is from his every showing doctrine on his work. Basically Kahn saw architecture as being a religious signifier of communicating. He grew a strong relation with each undertaking by using a strong hierarchy with order being the most of import. Kahn was celebrated for being a review of modernism. He found many influential designers of the clip to hold been misjudging the order of their designs. Kahns critue started with him rejecting a ‘free program ‘ ; a construct which Mies new wave der Rohe and Le Corbusier had attached themselves to, along with modernism. Kahn believed that dividing these two constructs of signifier from the construction, would intend the free program as antecedently interpreted by Van de Rohe and Le Corbusier had ‘ opened up a nothingness that could merely be filled with subjective intuition. ‘ Basically Kahn ‘s work did look consistent with that of the broader position of architecture nevertheless, his position of modern architecture was something which was unpredictable and had no regulations to follow or rules to ad ear to. He found that the international manner of modern architecture at the clip which was being used by many designers in America and Europe had been excessively concerned with the signifier and non the map. ‘Kahn was concerned with the things adult male has been looking for since the beginning – and in this he was a fundamentalist – was non interested in the realisation, of something which had already occurred, but in the possibility that something will happen within the wallsaˆÂ ¦ ‘ This tells us that Kahn was more of Prophet than merely a sermonizer. He wanted to alter the positions on architecture and present what he believed to be the necessary status for the presence of architecture. ‘Mies ‘s sensitivites react to imposed structural order with small inspiration, Le Corbusier passes through order impatiently and hastes to organize. ‘ Kahn talked about Mies Van der Rohe and Le Corbusier imperfectness in structural order, and their haste of order leads to an imperfectness in signifier. Kahns order derived from nature and this is reflected in his undertakings. ‘In the nature of infinite is the spirit and the will to be in a certain manner. Design must closely follow that will. ‘ The pure order, signifier and geometry is why Louis Kahn still act upon the universe today. His work straight impacts and inspires signifiers of architecture today such as station modernism and neo positivist. More than this Louis Kahn redefined modernism. He has thrilled looker-ons with his huge doctrine ; nevertheless his frequenters merely appeared in his ulterior old ages. Kahn adapted architecture and had an input as to what we see when we analyse today. He showed us in his huge texts, to every item the visions he had, and how he intended to raise these visions. Predominately we can see that he was floating off from modernism, nevertheless, I have studied how Kahn ‘s vision set modernism into path someplace that it would n't hold been without his influence. â€Å" It was non belief, non design, non pattern, but the kernel from which an establishment could emerge†¦ †